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national attention

  • 1 national attention

    Дипломатический термин: внимание всей страны

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > national attention

  • 2 national attention

    Politics english-russian dictionary > national attention

  • 3 national attention

    Англо-русский дипломатический словарь > national attention

  • 4 national attention

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > national attention

  • 5 attention

    n
    внимание, внимательность

    to attract public attention — привлекать внимание общественности к чему-л., обращать внимание общественности на что-л.

    to command international attention — завладевать вниманием всего мира; приковывать внимание всего мира

    to draw public attention to smth — привлекать внимание общественности к чему-л., обращать внимание общественности на что-л.

    to gain attention — добиваться внимания (аудитории, общественности и т.п.)

    to stand at attention — стоять по стойке "смирно"

    to stand to attention — брит. стоять по стойке "смирно"

    to turn one's attention to smth — обращаться к чему-л.; сосредотачиваться на чем-л.

    - world-wide attention

    Politics english-russian dictionary > attention

  • 6 attention

    n увага, пильність
    - unremitting attention неослабна увага
    - to bring smth. to the attention of smbd. звертати чиюсь увагу на щось
    - to call smbd.'s attention to smth. звертати чиюсь увагу на щось
    - to direct one's attention to smth. направити/ звернути увагу на щось
    - to draw smbd.'s attention to smth. звертати чиюсь увагу на щось
    - to pay attention to smth. звертати увагу на щось
    - to redouble one's attention посилити/ подвоїти пильність
    - to slip smbd.'s attention випадати з(-під) уваги
    - to turn one's attention to smth. направити/ звернути увагу на щось
    - the matter shall have immediate attention офіц. справа буде негайно розглянута

    English-Ukrainian diplomatic dictionary > attention

  • 7 attention

    n
    внимание, внимательность
    - bring smth. to the attention of smb.
    - devote attention to smth.
    - direct one's attention to smth.
    - divert attention from smth.
    - distract attention from smth.
    - turn one's attention to smth.

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > attention

  • 8 national anthem

    1. национальный гимн

     

    национальный гимн
    На церемонии открытия после выступления Главы государства во время поднятия национального флага проигрывается или исполняется национальный гимн страны организатора. Будучи патриотичным, ОКОИ не сделает этот момент политическим или более чем торжественным поднятием национального флага.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    national anthem
    During the opening ceremony after the introduction of the Head of State, the national anthem of the host country is then played or sung, as the host nation’s flag is hoisted. While patriotic, the OCOG shall not make this moment political or more than a reverent raising of the national flag, close attention should be given to the staging.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > national anthem

  • 9 INA

    1) Компьютерная техника: Icon Not Available, Individual Number Allocation
    2) Американизм: Invoking National Attention
    3) Телекоммуникации: Information Network Architecture
    5) Вычислительная техника: information not available, Intelligent Network Architecture (IN)
    8) Аэропорты: Inta, Russia

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > INA

  • 10 Ina

    1) Компьютерная техника: Icon Not Available, Individual Number Allocation
    2) Американизм: Invoking National Attention
    3) Телекоммуникации: Information Network Architecture
    5) Вычислительная техника: information not available, Intelligent Network Architecture (IN)
    8) Аэропорты: Inta, Russia

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ina

  • 11 NPA

    1) Общая лексика: Nigerian Ports Authority
    2) Компьютерная техника: Number Of Projected Attributes
    5) Военный термин: New People's Army
    7) Шутливое выражение: National Pimp Association
    9) Политика: No Party Affiliation
    10) Телекоммуникации: Numbering Plan Area, Numeral Prefix Allocation, номерная зона (США), код номерной зоны (США), Национальная номерная зона
    11) Сокращение: National Performance Assessment, National Pilots' Association, National Planning Association, New People's Army (Philippines), normal pressure angle, Numbering Plan Area (area code), no permanent address
    12) Вычислительная техника: Network Performance Analyzer, Network Printer Alliance (IEEE 1284, IBM, Lexmark, Xerox), Numbering Plan Area (area code, Telephony), Network Professional Association (organization, USA)
    13) Нефть: Национальная нефтяная ассоциация (США; National Petroleum Association)
    14) Банковское дело: безнадежный кредит
    16) Экология: National Parks Association
    17) Деловая лексика: Non Performing Assets
    18) Образование: Not Paying Attention
    20) Полимеры: National Petroleum Association
    22) Расширение файла: Network Printer Alliance
    23) Общественная организация: National Parking Association, National Pigeon Association, National Policy Association, Norwegian People's Aid, (National Personnel Associates) Национальная ассоциация консультантов по трудоустройству
    24) Должность: Net Pay Advice

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > NPA

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 interest

    'intrəst, ]( American) 'intərist
    1. noun
    1) (curiosity; attention: That newspaper story is bound to arouse interest.) interés
    2) (a matter, activity etc that is of special concern to one: Gardening is one of my main interests.) interés
    3) (money paid in return for borrowing a usually large sum of money: The (rate of) interest on this loan is eight per cent; (also adjective) the interest rate.) interés
    4) ((a share in the ownership of) a business firm etc: He bought an interest in the night-club.) participación
    5) (a group of connected businesses which act together to their own advantage: I suspect that the scheme will be opposed by the banking interest (= all the banks acting together).) grupo de intereses

    2. verb
    1) (to arouse the curiosity and attention of; to be of importance or concern to: Political arguments don't interest me at all.) interesar
    2) ((with in) to persuade to do, buy etc: Can I interest you in (buying) this dictionary?) interesar
    •
    - interesting
    - interestingly
    - in one's own interest
    - in one's interest
    - in the interests of
    - in the interest of
    - lose interest
    - take an interest
    1. interés
    2. afición
    interest2 vb interesar
    tr['ɪntrəst]
    ■ what are your interests? ¿cuáles son tus aficiones?
    3 (advantage, benefit) provecho, beneficio
    ■ it's in your own interest es por tu propio bien, es en tu propio beneficio
    4 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL (share, stake) participación nombre femenino, interés nombre masculino
    5 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL (money) interés nombre masculino, rédito
    ■ they pay interest at 10% on their mortgage pagan un interés del 10% sobre su hipoteca
    1 interesar
    ■ can I interest you in this catalogue? ¿le interesaría este catálogo?
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to bear/earn/pay interest dar interés, devengar interés
    to lose interest in something perder interés en algo
    to take an interest in something interesarse por algo
    to repay something with interest devolver algo con creces
    interest group grupo de intereses
    vested interest (personal) interés nombre masculino (personal) 2 (legal) derecho adquirido
    interest ['ɪntrəst, -tə.rɛst] vt
    : interesar
    1) share, stake: interés m, participación f
    2) benefit: provecho m, beneficio m, interés m
    in the public interest: en el interés público
    3) charge: interés m, cargo m
    compound interest: interés compuesto
    4) curiosity: interés m, curiosidad f
    5) color: color m, interés m
    places of local interest: lugares de color local
    6) hobby: afición f
    n.
    • comodidad s.f.
    • interés (Economía) s.m.
    • logro s.m.
    • renta s.f.
    v.
    • interesar v.

    I 'ɪntrəst
    1)
    a) u ( felt by person) interés m

    interest IN somebody/something/-ING — interés en alguien/algo/+ inf

    I have no interest in getting to know them — no tengo ningún interés en conocerlos, no me interesa conocerlos

    to show (an) interest — demostrar* interés, mostrarse* interesado

    to take (an) interest in something/somebody — interesarse por algo/alguien

    b) c ( hobby) interés m
    2) u ( possessed by object) interés m

    is this of any interest to you? — ¿esto te interesa?

    3) c
    a) ( stake) participación f, intereses mpl
    b) ( advantage) (often pl) interés m

    to act in somebody's interest(s) — actuar* en beneficio de alguien

    4) u ( Fin) interés m

    to earn/charge interest of o at five per cent (per annum) — percibir/cobrar un interés del cinco por ciento (al año)

    to pay something/somebody back with interest: he repaid my affection with interest me devolvió con creces el cariño que le había dado; they'll pay me back with interest! me las van a pagar con creces!; (before n) interest rate — tasa f or (esp Esp) tipo m de interés


    II
    transitive verb interesar

    can I interest you in a raffle ticket? — ¿le puedo ofrecer un número de rifa?

    ['ɪntrɪst]
    1. N
    1) (=curiosity) interés m

    • to arouse sb's interest — despertar el interés de algn

    • to have an interest in sth — estar interesado en algo

    • to lose interest (in sth) — perder el interés (por or en algo)

    • of interest, the guidebook describes all the places of interest — la guía describe todos los lugares de interés

    is this of any interest to you? — ¿te interesa esto?

    • I'm doing it just out of interest — lo hago simplemente porque me interesa

    just out of interest, how much did it cost? — por simple curiosidad, ¿cuánto costó?

    • to show (an) interest (in sth/sb) — mostrar interés (por or en algo/por algn)

    • to take an interest in sth/sb — interesarse por or en algo/por algn

    2) (=hobby) interés m

    my main interest is reading — mi interés principal or mi pasatiempo favorito es la lectura

    what are your interests? — ¿qué cosas te interesan?

    special interest holidays — vacaciones fpl de grupos con un interés común

    3) (=profit, advantage) interés m

    • a conflict of interests — un conflicto de intereses

    • in sb's interest(s), it is in your own interest to confess — te conviene confesar

    • they acted in the best interests of their members — obraron en el mejor interés de sus miembros

    heart 1., 1), public 1., 2), vested
    4) (=share, stake) (gen) interés m ; (in company) participación f

    • he has business interests abroad — tiene negocios en el extranjero

    • to have a controlling/ financial interest in a company — tener una participación mayoritaria/tener acciones en una compañía

    • to have an interest in sth — (gen) tener interés or estar interesado en algo; (in company) tener participación en algo

    the West has an interest in promoting democracy there — Occidente tiene interés or está interesado en promover allí la democracia

    5) (Econ) (on loan, shares, savings) interés m

    • to bear interest — devengar or dar intereses

    it bears interest at 5% — devenga or da un interés del 5%

    • compound interest — interés m compuesto

    • to earn interest — cobrar intereses

    • the interest on an investment — los intereses de una inversión

    • simple interest — interés m simple

    • shares that yield a high interest — acciones fpl que rinden bien

    to repay sth/sb with interest —

    I repaid his bad manners with interest! — ¡le devolví los malos modales con creces!

    2. VT
    1) (=arouse interest) interesar

    it may interest you to know that... — puede que te interese saber que...

    can I interest you in a new car? — ¿estaría interesado en comprar un coche nuevo?

    2) (=concern) interesar
    3.
    CPD

    interest group N — grupo m de gente con un mismo interés

    interest payments NPL — pago m de intereses

    interest rate N — tipo m or tasa f de interés

    * * *

    I ['ɪntrəst]
    1)
    a) u ( felt by person) interés m

    interest IN somebody/something/-ING — interés en alguien/algo/+ inf

    I have no interest in getting to know them — no tengo ningún interés en conocerlos, no me interesa conocerlos

    to show (an) interest — demostrar* interés, mostrarse* interesado

    to take (an) interest in something/somebody — interesarse por algo/alguien

    b) c ( hobby) interés m
    2) u ( possessed by object) interés m

    is this of any interest to you? — ¿esto te interesa?

    3) c
    a) ( stake) participación f, intereses mpl
    b) ( advantage) (often pl) interés m

    to act in somebody's interest(s) — actuar* en beneficio de alguien

    4) u ( Fin) interés m

    to earn/charge interest of o at five per cent (per annum) — percibir/cobrar un interés del cinco por ciento (al año)

    to pay something/somebody back with interest: he repaid my affection with interest me devolvió con creces el cariño que le había dado; they'll pay me back with interest! me las van a pagar con creces!; (before n) interest rate — tasa f or (esp Esp) tipo m de interés


    II
    transitive verb interesar

    can I interest you in a raffle ticket? — ¿le puedo ofrecer un número de rifa?

    English-spanish dictionary > interest

  • 14 Commemorations, Portuguese historic

       As in so many other activities of Portugal and its people, in historic commemorative work, the past always seems present. For more than a century, Portugal has planned and sponsored a variety of historic commemorations related to the glorious Age of Discoveries era of historic Portugal. The Columban centenary commemorations, involving Spain and Italy in particular, have gained greater world attention, Portugal, nevertheless, has a history of her own commemorations.
       Whatever the political ideology of the governmental system involved, Portugal's historic commemorations have been continuous and well-planned, and have sought to stir national pride as well as regime loyalty. Portugal's official efforts in public commemoration date at least back to 1880, when the Portuguese celebrated the 300th anniversary of the death of the national epic poet, Luís de Camões. Others followed that sought to arouse national remembrance and encourage notions of national revival, by focusing either on biographical or national discovery dates. The next major commemoration was in 1894, when Portugal commemorated the 500th anniversary of the birth in 1394 of Prince Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator) and, in 1897-99, the 400th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India.
       The 20th century has seen the most elaborate and publicized historic commemorations for Portugal. Besides its extensive propaganda program beginning in the 1930s, the Estado Novo put considerable effort into extensive historic commemorations, with the purpose of encouraging national pride and international respect, as well as regime loyalty. At least three national commemorations are worthy of note here, although scores of other events were held on a smaller scale. From June to December 1940, Portugal held the grand Double Centenary celebrations, which celebrated Portugal's emergence as an independent monarchy and state in 1140 (800 years) and the restoration of independence from Spain in 1640 (300 years). More than five months of activities included expensive publications of books and tourist materials, exhibits, academic conferences, and an outstanding Lisbon "world's fair" known as the "Exposition of the Portuguese World," staged at Belém, in front of the Monastery of Jerónimos, and involving the unveiling for the first time of the new Monument of the Discoveries.
       Two other commemorations of the Estado Novo deserve mention: the 1947 celebration of the 800th anniversary of the Portuguese taking of Lisbon (1147) from Moorish forces and the 1960 commemoration activities marking the 500th anniversary of the death of the central figure of the Portuguese Discoveries, Prince Henry the Navigator. The latter set of events took place during a time of political sensitivity, when the government's African policy was under strong international pressures.
       Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, democratic Portugal has put substantial resources into commemorating various persons and events of the Age of Discoveries. In 1980, Portugal's scholars celebrated the 400th anniversary of the death of the national poet Camões in many books, articles, exhibits, and conferences. But this would all be overshadowed by the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Portuguese Discoveries, which would run from 1988 to 2000. This elaborate effort involved the establishment of a government agency, the National Committee for the Commemoration of the Portuguese Discoveries, headed by one of Portugal's most eminent scholars on the subject, Dr. Vasco Graça Moura. Commemoration began in 1988 with the celebration and reenactment of the 1488 voyage of navigator Bartolomeu Dias from Lisbon to beyond the Cape of Good Hope, in South Africa. The 12-year cycle, the longest Discoveries commemorations of any century and of any Western country, put the 1992 Columban Quincentenary events somewhat in the shade.
       Between May and October 1998, Portugal held Expo '98 in Lisbon, a world's fair that was keyed to the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's discovery of an all-water route to India in 1498. This cycle ended in 2000, marking the 500th anniversary of the year that Portugal's Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Commemorations, Portuguese historic

  • 15 stand

    stand [stænd]
    stand ⇒ 1 (a) étal ⇒ 1 (a) support ⇒ 1 (b) plate-forme ⇒ 1 (c) tribune ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (d) barre ⇒ 1 (f) position ⇒ 1 (g) mettre ⇒ 2 (a) poser ⇒ 2 (a) supporter ⇒ 2 (b)-(d) se lever ⇒ 3 (a) être debout ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c) être ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (e), 3 (f) se tenir ⇒ 3 (b) reposer ⇒ 3 (d), 3 (g) se trouver ⇒ 3 (e) rester ⇒ 3 (g) rester valable ⇒ 3 (h) se classer ⇒ 3 (j)
    (pt & pp stood [stʊd])
    1 noun
    (a) (stall, booth → at exhibition, trade fair) stand m; (→ in market) étal m, éventaire m; (kiosk) kiosque m;
    ∎ a shooting stand un stand de tir;
    ∎ newspaper stand kiosque m (à journaux)
    (b) (frame, support → gen) support m; (→ for lamp, sink) pied m; (→ on bicycle, motorbike) béquille f; (→ for pipes, guns) râtelier m; Commerce (→ for magazines, sunglasses) présentoir m; (lectern) lutrin m;
    ∎ bicycle stand (in street) râtelier m à bicyclettes;
    ∎ plant stand sellette f;
    ∎ plate stand support m à assiette, présentoir m;
    ∎ Commerce revolving stand tourniquet m, présentoir m rotatif
    (c) (platform → gen) plate-forme f; (→ for speaker) tribune f; (pulpit) chaire f
    (d) (in sports ground) tribune f;
    ∎ the stands roared un rugissement s'éleva des tribunes ou des gradins
    ∎ (taxi) stand station f de taxis
    (f) (in courtroom) barre f;
    ∎ the first witness took the stand le premier témoin est venu à la barre
    (g) (position, stance) position f;
    ∎ to take a stand on sth prendre position sur qch;
    ∎ what's your stand on the issue? quelle est votre position sur la question?;
    ∎ he refuses to take a stand il refuse de prendre position
    (h) Military & figurative (defensive effort) résistance f, opposition f;
    ∎ to make a stand résister;
    ∎ they made a stand at the foot of the hill ils ont résisté au pied de la colline;
    ∎ to make a stand against an abuse s'opposer résolument à un abus;
    ∎ History Custer's last stand la dernière bataille de Custer
    (i) (of trees) bosquet m, futaie f; (of crop) récolte f sur pied;
    ∎ a fine stand of corn un beau champ de blé;
    ∎ a stand of bamboo un massif de bambous
    (a) (set, place) mettre, poser;
    ∎ he stood the boy on a chair il a mis le garçon debout sur une chaise;
    ∎ she stood her umbrella in the corner elle a mis son parapluie dans le coin;
    ∎ to stand sth on (its) end mettre qch debout;
    ∎ help me stand the bedstead against the wall aide-moi à dresser le sommier ou mettre le sommier debout contre le mur
    (b) (endure, withstand) supporter;
    ∎ his heart couldn't stand the shock son cœur n'a pas résisté au ou n'a pas supporté le choc;
    ∎ it will stand high temperatures without cracking cela peut résister à ou supporter des températures élevées sans se fissurer;
    ∎ how much weight can the bridge stand? quel poids le pont peut-il supporter?;
    ∎ the motor wasn't built to stand intensive use le moteur n'a pas été conçu pour supporter un usage intensif;
    ∎ wool carpeting can stand a lot of hard wear les moquettes en laine sont très résistantes;
    ∎ she's not strong enough to stand another operation elle n'est pas assez forte pour supporter une nouvelle opération;
    ∎ he certainly doesn't stand comparison with Bogart il n'est absolument pas possible de le comparer avec Bogart;
    ∎ their figures don't stand close inspection leurs chiffres ne résistent pas à un examen sérieux
    (c) (put up with, bear → toothache, cold) supporter; (→ behaviour) supporter, tolérer;
    ∎ I can't stand it any longer! je n'en peux plus!;
    ∎ how can you stand working with him? comment est-ce que vous faites pour ou comment arrivez-vous à travailler avec lui?;
    ∎ I've had as much as I can stand of your griping! j'en ai assez de tes jérémiades!;
    ∎ if there's one thing I can't stand, it's hypocrisy s'il y a quelque chose que je ne supporte pas, c'est bien l'hypocrisie;
    ∎ I can't stand (the sight of) him! je ne peux pas le supporter!, je ne peux pas le voir en peinture!;
    ∎ she can't stand Wagner/smokers elle ne peut pas supporter Wagner/les fumeurs;
    ∎ he can't stand flying il déteste prendre l'avion
    (d) familiar (do with, need) supporter□, avoir besoin de□ ;
    ∎ oil company profits could certainly stand a cut une diminution de leurs bénéfices ne ferait aucun mal aux compagnies pétrolières;
    ∎ he could stand a bath! un bain ne lui ferait pas de mal!;
    ∎ American could I stand a drink! je prendrais bien un petit verre!
    (e) (perform duty of) remplir la fonction de;
    ∎ to stand witness for sb (at marriage) être le témoin de qn
    ∎ to stand sb a meal payer un repas à qn;
    ∎ British I'll stand you a drink, American I'll stand you to a drink je t'offre un verre
    ∎ to stand a chance (of doing sth) avoir de bonnes chances (de faire qch);
    ∎ you don't stand a chance! vous n'avez pas la moindre chance!;
    ∎ the plans stand little chance of being approved les projets ont peu de chances d'être approuvés
    (a) (rise to one's feet) se lever, se mettre debout;
    ∎ he refused to stand for the national anthem il a refusé de se lever pendant l'hymne national
    (b) (be on one's feet) être debout, se tenir debout; (in a specified location, posture) être, se tenir;
    ∎ I've been standing all day je suis resté debout toute la journée;
    ∎ I had to stand all the way j'ai dû voyager debout pendant tout le trajet;
    ∎ she was so tired she could hardly stand elle était si fatiguée qu'elle avait du mal à tenir debout ou sur ses jambes;
    ∎ wear flat shoes if you have to stand a lot portez des chaussures à talons plats si vous devez rester debout pendant des heures;
    ∎ I don't mind standing ça ne me gêne pas de rester debout;
    ∎ don't stand near the edge ne restez pas près du bord;
    ∎ don't just stand there, do something! ne restez pas là à ne rien faire!;
    ∎ stand clear! écartez-vous!;
    ∎ I saw her standing at the window je l'ai vue (debout) à la fenêtre;
    ∎ a man stood in the doorway un homme se tenait à la porte;
    ∎ do you see that man standing over there? vous voyez cet homme là-bas?;
    ∎ where should I stand? - beside Yvonne où dois-je me mettre? - à côté d'Yvonne;
    ∎ I'll be standing outside the theatre j'attendrai devant le théâtre;
    ∎ small groups of men stood talking at street corners des hommes discutaient par petits groupes au coin des rues;
    ∎ he was standing at the bar il était debout au comptoir;
    ∎ is there a chair I can stand on? y a-t-il une chaise sur laquelle je puisse monter?;
    ∎ they were standing a little way off ils se tenaient un peu à l'écart;
    ∎ excuse me, you're standing on my foot excusez-moi, vous me marchez sur le pied;
    ∎ American to stand in line faire la queue;
    ∎ School stand in the corner! au coin!;
    ∎ to stand upright or erect se tenir droit;
    ∎ he was so nervous he couldn't stand still il était si nerveux qu'il ne tenait pas en place;
    ∎ I stood perfectly still, hoping they wouldn't see me je me suis figé sur place en espérant qu'ils ne me verraient pas;
    ∎ stand still! ne bougez pas!, ne bougez plus!;
    ∎ stand with your feet apart écartez les pieds;
    ∎ the heron was standing on one leg le héron se tenait debout sur une patte;
    ∎ to stand on tiptoe se tenir sur la pointe des pieds;
    ∎ stand and deliver! la bourse ou la vie!;
    ∎ figurative to stand on one's own two feet se débrouiller tout seul;
    ∎ figurative he left the others standing (gen) il était de loin le meilleur; (in race) il a laissé les autres sur place
    (c) (be upright → post, target etc) être debout;
    ∎ not a stone (of the building) was left standing le bâtiment était complètement détruit;
    ∎ the house is still standing la maison tient toujours debout;
    ∎ the aqueduct has stood for centuries l'aqueduc est là depuis des siècles;
    ∎ the wheat stood high les blés étaient hauts
    (d) (be supported, be mounted) reposer;
    ∎ the coffin stood on trestles le cercueil reposait sur des tréteaux;
    ∎ the house stands on solid foundations la maison repose ou est bâtie sur des fondations solides;
    ∎ figurative this argument stands on three simple facts ce raisonnement repose sur trois simples faits
    (e) (be located → building, tree, statue) se trouver; (→ clock, vase, lamp) être, être posé;
    ∎ the fort stands on a hill la forteresse se trouve en haut d'une colline;
    ∎ this is where the city gates once stood c'est ici qu'autrefois se dressaient les portes de la ville;
    ∎ the piano stood in the centre of the room le piano était au centre ou occupait le centre de la pièce;
    ∎ the bottles stood in rows of five les bouteilles étaient disposées en rangées de cinq;
    ∎ do you see the lorry standing next to my car? vous voyez le camion qui est à côté de ma voiture?;
    ∎ a wardrobe stood against one wall il y avait une armoire contre un mur
    (f) (indicating current state of affairs, situation) être;
    ∎ how do things stand? où en est la situation?;
    ∎ how do we stand? (in work etc) où en sommes-nous?; (financially) où en sont nos comptes?;
    ∎ I'd like to know where I stand with you j'aimerais savoir où en sont les choses entre nous;
    ∎ I don't know where I stand j'ignore quelle est ma situation ou ma position;
    ∎ you never know how or where you stand with her on ne sait jamais sur quel pied danser avec elle;
    ∎ as things stand, as matters stand telles que les choses se présentent;
    ∎ he's dissatisfied with the contract as it stands il n'est pas satisfait du contrat tel qu'il a été rédigé;
    ∎ just print the text as it stands imprimez le texte tel quel;
    ∎ he stands accused of rape il est accusé de viol;
    ∎ she stands alone in advocating this approach elle est la seule à préconiser cette approche;
    ∎ I stand corrected je reconnais m'être trompé ou mon erreur;
    ∎ the doors stood wide open les portes étaient grandes ouvertes;
    ∎ I've got a taxi standing ready j'ai un taxi qui attend;
    ∎ the police are standing ready to intervene la police se tient prête à intervenir;
    ∎ the party stands united behind him le parti est uni derrière lui;
    ∎ no-one stands above the law personne n'est au-dessus des lois;
    ∎ to stand at (gauge, barometer) indiquer; (score) être de; (unemployment) avoir atteint;
    ∎ their turnover now stands at three million pounds leur chiffre d'affaires atteint désormais les trois millions de livres;
    ∎ the exchange rate stands at 5 francs to the dollar le taux de change est de 5 francs pour un dollar;
    ∎ we're standing right behind you nous sommes avec vous;
    ∎ with the union standing behind him avec le soutien du syndicat;
    ∎ nothing stood between her and victory rien ne pouvait désormais l'empêcher de gagner;
    ∎ it's the only thing standing between us and financial disaster c'est la seule chose qui nous empêche de sombrer dans un désastre financier;
    ∎ to stand in need of… avoir besoin de…;
    ∎ he stands in danger of losing his job il risque de perdre son emploi;
    ∎ I stood lost in admiration j'en suis resté béat d'admiration;
    ∎ to stand in sb's way bloquer le passage à qn;
    ∎ figurative don't stand in my way! n'essaie pas de m'en empêcher!;
    ∎ nothing stands in our way now maintenant, la voie est libre;
    ∎ if you want to leave school I'm not going to stand in your way si tu veux quitter l'école, je ne m'y opposerai pas;
    ∎ it's his lack of experience that stands in his way c'est son manque d'expérience qui le handicape;
    ∎ their foreign debt stands in the way of economic recovery leur dette extérieure constitue un obstacle à la reprise économique;
    ∎ her pride is the only thing standing in the way of their reconciliation son orgueil est le seul obstacle à leur réconciliation
    (g) (remain) rester; (be left undisturbed → marinade, dough) reposer; (→ tea) infuser;
    ∎ the machines stood idle les machines étaient arrêtées;
    ∎ the houses stood empty awaiting demolition les maisons, vidées de leurs occupants, attendaient d'être démolies;
    ∎ time stood still le temps semblait s'être arrêté;
    ∎ the car has been standing in the garage for a year ça fait un an que la voiture n'a pas bougé du garage;
    ∎ I've decided to let my flight reservation stand j'ai décidé de ne pas changer ma réservation d'avion;
    ∎ let the mixture stand until the liquid is clear laissez reposer le mélange jusqu'à ce que le liquide se clarifie;
    ∎ the champion stands unbeaten le champion reste invaincu;
    ∎ his theory stood unchallenged for a decade pendant dix ans, personne n'a remis en cause sa théorie;
    ∎ the government will stand or fall on the outcome of this vote le maintien ou la chute du gouvernement dépend du résultat de ce vote;
    ∎ united we stand, divided we fall l'union fait la force
    (h) (be valid, effective → offer, law) rester valable; (→ decision) rester inchangé;
    ∎ my invitation still stands vous êtes toujours invité;
    ∎ the verdict stands unless there's an appeal le jugement reste valable à moins que l'on ne fasse appel;
    ∎ even with this new plan, our objection still stands ce nouveau projet ne remet pas en cause notre objection première;
    ∎ the bet stands le pari tient;
    ∎ what you said last week, does that still stand? et ce que tu as dit la semaine dernière, ça tient toujours?
    (i) (measure → person, tree) mesurer;
    ∎ she stands 5 feet in her stocking feet elle mesure moins de 1,50 m pieds nus;
    ∎ the building stands ten storeys high l'immeuble compte dix étages
    (j) (rank) se classer, compter;
    ∎ this hotel stands among the best in the world cet hôtel figure parmi les meilleurs du monde;
    ∎ American she stands first/last in her class elle est la première/la dernière de sa classe;
    ∎ I know she stands high in your opinion je sais que tu as une très bonne opinion d'elle;
    ∎ for price and quality, it stands high on my list en ce qui concerne le prix et la qualité, je le range ou le compte parmi les meilleurs
    ∎ how or where does he stand on the nuclear issue? quelle est sa position ou son point de vue sur la question du nucléaire?;
    ∎ you ought to tell them where you stand vous devriez leur faire part de votre position
    ∎ to stand to lose risquer de perdre;
    ∎ to stand to win avoir des chances de gagner;
    ∎ they stand to make a huge profit on the deal ils ont des chances de faire un bénéfice énorme dans cette affaire;
    ∎ no one stands to gain from a quarrel like this personne n'a rien à gagner d'une telle querelle
    (m) British (run in election) se présenter, être candidat;
    ∎ she stood for Waltham elle a été candidate à la circonscription de Waltham;
    ∎ will he stand for re-election? va-t-il se représenter aux élections?;
    ∎ she's standing as an independent elle se présente en tant que candidate indépendante
    (n) American (stop) s'arrêter (pour un court instant);
    ∎ no standing (sign) arrêt interdit
    (o) American (pay) payer la tournée;
    ∎ you're standing c'est ta tournée
    rester là;
    ∎ we stood about or around waiting for the flight announcement nous restions là à attendre que le vol soit annoncé;
    ∎ the prisoners stood about or around in small groups les prisonniers se tenaient par petits groupes;
    ∎ after Mass, the men stand about or around in the square après la messe, les hommes s'attardent sur la place;
    ∎ I can't afford to pay people to stand around all day doing nothing je n'ai pas les moyens de payer les gens à ne rien faire;
    ∎ I'm not just going to stand about waiting for you to make up your mind! je n'ai pas l'intention de rester là à attendre que tu te décides!
    (move aside) s'écarter;
    ∎ stand aside, someone's fainted! écartez-vous, quelqu'un s'est évanoui!;
    ∎ he politely stood aside to let us pass il s'écarta ou s'effaça poliment pour nous laisser passer;
    ∎ figurative to stand aside in favour of sb (gen) laisser la voie libre à qn; Politics se désister en faveur de qn
    (a) (move back) reculer, s'écarter;
    ∎ stand back from the doors! écartez-vous des portes!;
    ∎ she stood back to look at herself in the mirror elle recula pour se regarder dans la glace;
    ∎ the painting is better if you stand back from it le tableau est mieux si vous prenez du recul
    (b) (be set back) être en retrait ou à l'écart;
    ∎ the house stands back from the road la maison est en retrait (de la route)
    (c) (take mental distance) prendre du recul;
    ∎ I need to stand back and take stock j'ai besoin de prendre du recul et de faire le point
    (a) (support → person) soutenir;
    ∎ I'll stand by you through thick and thin je te soutiendrai ou je resterai à tes côtés quoi qu'il arrive
    (b) (adhere to → promise, word) tenir; (→ decision, offer) s'en tenir à;
    ∎ to stand by an agreement respecter un accord;
    ∎ I stand by what I said/my original analysis of the situation je m'en tiens à ce que j'ai dit/ma première analyse de la situation
    (a) (not intervene) rester là (sans rien faire ou sans intervenir);
    ∎ how could you just stand by and watch them mistreat that poor dog? comment as-tu pu rester là à les regarder maltraiter ce pauvre chien (sans intervenir)?;
    ∎ I stood by helplessly while they searched the room je restais là, impuissant, pendant qu'ils fouillaient la pièce
    (b) (be ready → person) être ou se tenir prêt; (→ vehicle) être prêt; (→ army, embassy) être en état d'alerte;
    ∎ the police were standing by to disperse the crowd la police se tenait prête à disperser la foule;
    ∎ we have an oxygen machine standing by nous avons une machine à oxygène prête en cas d'urgence;
    ∎ stand by! attention!; Nautical paré!, attention!;
    ∎ Aviation stand by for takeoff préparez-vous pour le décollage;
    ∎ Radio stand by to receive prenez l'écoute;
    ∎ Military standing by for orders! à vos ordres!
    (a) British Politics (withdraw) se désister; (resign) démissionner;
    ∎ will he stand down in favour of a younger candidate? va-t-il se désister en faveur d'un candidat plus jeune?
    (b) (leave witness box) quitter la barre;
    ∎ you may stand down, Mr Simms vous pouvez quitter la barre, M. Simms
    (c) Military (troops) être déconsigné (en fin d'alerte);
    ∎ stand down! (after drill) rompez (les rangs)!
    (workers) licencier
    (a) (represent) représenter;
    ∎ what does DNA stand for? que veut dire l'abréviation ADN?;
    ∎ the R stands for Ryan le R signifie Ryan;
    ∎ the dove stands for peace la colombe symbolise la paix;
    ∎ we want our name to stand for quality and efficiency nous voulons que notre nom soit synonyme de qualité et d'efficacité;
    ∎ she supports the values and ideas the party once stood for elle soutient les valeurs et les idées qui furent autrefois celles du parti;
    ∎ I detest everything that they stand for! je déteste tout ce qu'ils représentent!
    (b) (tolerate) tolérer, supporter; (allow) permettre;
    ∎ I'm not going to stand for it! je ne le tolérerai ou permettrai pas!
    assurer le remplacement;
    ∎ to stand in for sb remplacer qn; Cinema doubler qn
    British (workers) mettre en chômage technique
    Nautical (coast, island) croiser au large de;
    ∎ they have an aircraft carrier standing off Aden ils ont un porte-avions qui croise au large d'Aden
    (a) (move away) s'écarter
    (b) Nautical (take up position) croiser; (sail away) mettre le cap au large
    (a) (protrude → vein) saillir; (→ ledge) faire saillie, avancer;
    ∎ the veins in his neck stood out les veines de son cou saillaient ou étaient gonflées
    (b) (be clearly visible → colour, typeface) ressortir, se détacher; (→ in silhouette) se découper;
    ∎ the pink stands out against the green background le rose ressort ou se détache sur le fond vert;
    ∎ the masts stood out against the sky les mâts se découpaient ou se dessinaient contre le ciel;
    ∎ the name on the truck stood out clearly le nom sur le camion était bien visible;
    ∎ she stands out in a crowd on la remarque dans la foule;
    ∎ figurative I don't like to stand out in a crowd je n'aime pas me singulariser;
    ∎ this one book stands out from all his others ce livre-ci surclasse tous ses autres livres;
    ∎ there is no one issue which stands out as being more important than the others il n'y a pas une question qui soit plus importante que les autres;
    ∎ the qualities that stand out in his work les qualités marquantes de son œuvre;
    ∎ she stands out above all the rest elle surpasse ou surclasse tous les autres;
    ∎ the day stands out in my memory cette journée est marquée d'une pierre blanche dans ma mémoire;
    ∎ familiar that stands out a mile! (is very obvious) ça se voit comme le nez au milieu de la figure!;
    ∎ it really stands out that he's not a local ça se voit ou se remarque vraiment qu'il n'est pas d'ici
    (c) (resist, hold out) tenir bon, tenir, résister;
    ∎ they won't be able to stand out for long ils ne pourront pas tenir ou résister longtemps;
    ∎ to stand out against (attack, enemy) résister à; (change, tax increase) s'opposer avec détermination à;
    ∎ to stand out for sth revendiquer qch;
    ∎ they are standing out for a pay increase ils revendiquent ou réclament une augmentation de salaire
    (watch over) surveiller;
    ∎ I can't work with someone standing over me je ne peux pas travailler quand quelqu'un regarde par-dessus mon épaule;
    ∎ she stood over him until he'd eaten every last bit elle ne l'a pas lâché avant qu'il ait mangé la dernière miette
    British (postpone) remettre (à plus tard);
    ∎ I'd prefer to stand this discussion over until we have more information je préférerais remettre cette discussion jusqu'à ce que nous disposions de plus amples renseignements
    British être remis (à plus tard);
    ∎ we have two items standing over from the last meeting il nous reste deux points à régler depuis la dernière réunion
    Military mettre en état d'alerte
    Military se mettre en état d'alerte;
    ∎ stand to! à vos postes!
    être ou rester solidaire
    (a) (set upright → chair, bottle) mettre debout;
    ∎ they stood the prisoner up against a tree ils ont adossé le prisonnier à un arbre;
    ∎ stand the ladder up against the wall mettez ou appuyez l'échelle contre le mur;
    ∎ to stand a child up (again) (re)mettre un enfant sur ses pieds
    (b) familiar (fail to meet) poser un lapin à;
    ∎ I was stood up twice in a row on m'a posé un lapin deux fois de suite
    (a) (rise to one's feet) se lever, se mettre debout;
    ∎ she stood up to offer me her seat elle se leva pour m'offrir sa place;
    ∎ stand up! levez-vous!, debout!;
    ∎ figurative to stand up and be counted avoir le courage de ses opinions
    (b) (be upright) être debout;
    ∎ I can't get the candle to stand up straight je n'arrive pas à faire tenir la bougie droite
    (c) (last) tenir, résister;
    ∎ how is that repair job standing up? est-ce que cette réparation tient toujours?
    (d) (be valid → argument, claim) être valable, tenir debout;
    ∎ his evidence won't stand up in court son témoignage ne sera pas valable en justice
    défendre;
    ∎ to stand up for oneself se défendre
    ∎ to stand up to sth résister à qch;
    ∎ to stand up to sb tenir tête à ou faire face à qn;
    ∎ he's too weak to stand up to her il est trop faible pour lui tenir tête;
    ∎ she had a hard time standing up to their criticism ça ne lui a pas été facile de faire face à leurs critiques;
    ∎ it won't stand up to that sort of treatment ça ne résistera pas à ce genre de traitement;
    ∎ her hypothesis doesn't stand up to empirical testing son hypothèse ne résiste pas à la vérification expérimentale

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > stand

  • 16 Lovelock, James Ephraim

    [br]
    b. 26 July 1919 Brixton, London, England
    [br]
    English biologist and philosopher, inventor of the microwave oven and electron capture detector.
    [br]
    Lovelock was brought up in Brixton in modest circumstances. At the age of 4 he was given a toy electrical set, which first turned his attention towards the study of science. From the Strand School, Brixton, he went on to the universities of Manchester and London, and after graduating in science, in 1941 he joined the National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, as a staff scientist, remaining there for twenty years. During the early 1950s, he and his colleagues were engaged in research into freezing live animals and bringing them back to life by heating: Lovelock was struck by the intense pain this process caused the animals, and he sought a more humane method. He tried diathermy or internal heating through the effect of a continuous wave magnetron borrowed from the Navy. He found that the animals were brought back to life painlessly, and impressed with his success he tried baking a potato for his lunch in the apparatus and found that it cooked amazingly quickly compared with the one hour normally needed in an ordinary oven. Lovelock had invented the microwave oven, but its commercial possibilities were not at first realized.
    In the late 1950s he invented the electron capture detector, which proved to be more sensitive than any other analytical equipment in detecting and measuring toxic substances. The apparatus therefore had obvious uses in testing the quality of the environment and so offered a tremendous boost to the "green" movement. In 1961 he was invited to joint the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to employ the apparatus in an attempt to detect life in space.
    In the early 1970s Lovelock relinquished his biological work in order to devote his attention to philosophical matters, specifically to develop his theory of the Universe, now widely celebrated as the "Gaia theory". In this controversial theory, Lovelock regards our planet and all its living beings, including humans, as a single living organism.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CBE 1990. FRS 1974. Many academic awards and honorary degrees. Visiting Professor, University of Reading 1967–90.
    Bibliography
    1979, Gaia.
    1983, The Great Extinction.
    1988, The Ages of Gaia.
    1991, Gaia: The Practical Science of Planetary Medicine.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Lovelock, James Ephraim

  • 17 stand

    1. intransitive verb,

    stand in a line or row — sich in einer Reihe aufstellen; (be standing) in einer Reihe stehen

    we stood talking — wir standen da und unterhielten uns

    2) (have height)

    he stands six feet tall/the tree stands 30 feet high — er ist sechs Fuß groß/der Baum ist 30 Fuß hoch

    3) (be at level) [Aktien, Währung, Thermometer:] stehen (at auf + Dat.); [Fonds:] sich belaufen (at auf + Akk.); [Absatz, Export usw.:] liegen (at bei)
    4) (hold good) bestehen bleiben

    my offer/promise still stands — mein Angebot/Versprechen gilt nach wie vor

    5) (find oneself, be)

    as it stands, as things stand — wie die Dinge [jetzt] liegen

    the law as it stands — das bestehende od. gültige Recht

    I'd like to know where I stand — (fig.) ich möchte wissen, wo ich dran bin

    stand in need of something — einer Sache (Gen.) dringend bedürfen

    6) (be candidate) kandidieren ( for für)

    stand as a Liberal/Conservative — für die Liberalen/Konservativen kandidieren

    stand for Parliament — (Brit.) für einen Parlamentssitz kandidieren

    7)
    8) (place oneself) sich stellen

    stand in the way of something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg stehen

    [not] stand in somebody's way — (fig.) jemandem [keine] Steine in den Weg legen

    9) (be likely)

    stand to win or gain/lose something — etwas gewinnen/verlieren können

    2. transitive verb,
    1) (set in position) stellen

    stand something on end/upside down — etwas hochkant/auf den Kopf stellen

    2) (endure) ertragen; vertragen [Klima]

    I can't stand the heat/noise — ich halte die Hitze/den Lärm nicht aus

    I cannot stand [the sight of] him/her — ich kann ihn/sie nicht ausstehen

    he can't stand the pressure/strain/stress — er ist dem Druck/den Strapazen/dem Stress nicht gewachsen

    I can't stand it any longer! — ich halte es nicht mehr aus!; see also academic.ru/75052/time">time 1. 1)

    3) (undergo) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.)

    stand trial [for something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht stehen

    4) (buy)
    3. noun
    1) (support) Ständer, der
    2) (stall; at exhibition) Stand, der
    3) (raised structure, grandstand) Tribüne, die
    4) (resistance) Widerstand, der

    take or make a stand — (fig.) klar Stellung beziehen (for/against/on für/gegen/zu)

    5) (standing place for taxi, bus, etc.) Stand, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    [stænd] 1. past tense, past participle - stood; verb
    1) (to be in an upright position, not sitting or lying: His leg was so painful that he could hardly stand; After the storm, few trees were left standing.) stehen
    2) ((often with up) to rise to the feet: He pushed back his chair and stood up; Some people like to stand (up) when the National Anthem is played.) (auf)stehen
    3) (to remain motionless: The train stood for an hour outside Newcastle.) stehen
    4) (to remain unchanged: This law still stands.) gelten
    5) (to be in or have a particular place: There is now a factory where our house once stood.) stehen
    6) (to be in a particular state, condition or situation: As matters stand, we can do nothing to help; How do you stand financially?) liegen
    7) (to accept or offer oneself for a particular position etc: He is standing as Parliamentary candidate for our district.) bewerben
    8) (to put in a particular position, especially upright: He picked up the fallen chair and stood it beside the table.) stellen
    9) (to undergo or endure: He will stand (his) trial for murder; I can't stand her rudeness any longer.) ertragen
    10) (to pay for (a meal etc) for (a person): Let me stand you a drink!) spendieren
    2. noun
    1) (a position or place in which to stand ready to fight etc, or an act of fighting etc: The guard took up his stand at the gate; I shall make a stand for what I believe is right.) der Platz
    2) (an object, especially a piece of furniture, for holding or supporting something: a coat-stand; The sculpture had been removed from its stand for cleaning.) der Ständer
    3) (a stall where goods are displayed for sale or advertisement.) der Stand
    4) (a large structure beside a football pitch, race course etc with rows of seats for spectators: The stand was crowded.) die Tribüne
    5) ((American) a witness box in a law court.) der Zeugenstand
    •
    - take the stand
    - standing 3. noun
    1) (time of lasting: an agreement of long standing.) die Dauer
    2) (rank or reputation: a diplomat of high standing.) der Stand
    •
    4. adjective
    ((of an airline passenger or ticket) costing or paying less than the usual fare, as the passenger does not book a seat for a particular flight, but waits for the first available seat.) stand-by
    5. adverb
    (travelling in this way: It costs a lot less to travel stand-by.) stand-by
    - stand-in
    - standing-room
    - make someone's hair stand on end
    - stand aside
    - stand back
    - stand by
    - stand down
    - stand fast/firm
    - stand for
    - stand in
    - stand on one's own two feet
    - stand on one's own feet
    - stand out
    - stand over
    - stand up for
    - stand up to
    * * *
    [stænd]
    I. NOUN
    1. (physical position) Stellung f
    to take up a \stand somewhere sich akk irgendwo hinstellen
    2. (position on an issue) Einstellung f (on zu + dat), Ansicht f (on zu + dat)
    what's her \stand on sexual equality? wie steht sie zur Gleichberechtigung?
    to make a \stand against sth sich akk gegen etw akk auflehnen
    to take a \stand on sth sich akk für etw akk einsetzen
    it's her civic duty to take a \stand on civil rights es ist ihre Bürgerpflicht, die Bürgerrechte zu verteidigen
    to take a \stand with sb jdm gegenübertreten
    I had to take a firm \stand with my son and forbid him to attend that party ich musste meinem Sohn gegenüber hart bleiben und ihm verbieten, diese Party zu besuchen
    3. ( form: standstill) Stillstand m
    to bring sb/sth to a \stand jdm/etw Einhalt gebieten geh
    4. usu pl (raised seating for spectators) [Zuschauer]tribüne f
    5. (support) Ständer m
    music/revolving \stand Noten-/Drehständer m
    6. CHEM Stativ nt
    7. (stall) [Verkaufs]stand m
    candy/news \stand Süßwaren-/Zeitungsstand m
    8. (for vehicles) Stand m
    taxi \stand Taxistand m
    9. AM (series of performances) Gastspiel nt
    one-night \stand One-Night-Stand m fam
    10. AM LAW
    ▪ the \stand der Zeugenstand
    to take the \stand vor Gericht aussagen
    11. MIL (resistance) Widerstand m
    to make [or take] a \stand ( fig) klar Stellung beziehen
    12. (group of plants)
    \stand of clover Büschel nt Klee
    \stand of trees Baumgruppe f
    <stood, stood>
    1. (be upright) stehen
    \stand against the wall stell dich an die Wand
    \stand in front of the house stell dich vor das Haus
    \stand in a straight line! stellen Sie sich in einer Reihe auf!
    the team will \stand or fall by the success of their new model das Team steht und fällt mit dem Erfolg seines neuen Modells
    \stand and deliver! ( dated) Hände hoch und Geld her!
    to \stand to [or at] attention MIL stillstehen
    to \stand guard [or watch] [over sb/sth] [bei jdm/etw] Wache halten
    he felt it necessary to \stand watch over the cash box er hielt es für nötig, die Kasse im Auge zu behalten
    to \stand on one's hands/head einen Hand-/Kopfstand machen
    to \stand clear [or aside] aus dem Weg gehen, beiseitetreten
    to \stand erect [or tall] aufrecht [o gerade] stehen
    to \stand motionless regungslos dastehen
    to \stand still stillstehen
    2. + n (be a stated height) messen geh
    he \stands over seven feet er misst über sieben Fuß
    3. FOOD (remain untouched) stehen
    4. (be located) liegen
    an old hut stood by the river am Fluss stand eine alte Hütte
    the train is \standing at platform 8 der Zug steht auf Gleis 8
    to \stand in sb's way jdm im Weg stehen
    to \stand in the way of sth etw dat im Weg[e] stehen [o hinderlich sein]
    to \stand open offen stehen
    5. (have a viewpoint)
    how [or where] do you \stand on the issue of foreign policy? was ist Ihre Meinung zur Außenpolitik?
    from where she \stands it seemed reasonable to ask von ihrer Warte aus schien es vernünftig zu fragen
    6. + adj (be in a specified state) stehen
    I never know where I \stand with my boss ich weiß nie, wie ich mit meinem Chef dran bin fam
    how do you think your chances \stand of being offered the job? wie, glaubst du, stehen deine Chancen, dass man dir die Stelle anbietet?
    with the situation as it \stands right now... so wie die Sache im Moment aussieht,...
    to \stand high/low in sb's opinion bei jdm sehr [o hoch] /wenig [o schlecht] angesehen sein
    to \stand alone beispiellos [o einzigartig] sein
    to \stand aloof from sb/sth ( form) sich akk von jdm/etw distanzieren
    to \stand empty [or idle] leer stehen
    to \stand fast [or firm] standhaft sein
    \stand firm on your decision steh fest zu deinem Entschluss
    to \stand pat esp AM hart [o standfest] bleiben
    to \stand second/third an zweiter/dritter Stelle stehen
    to \stand accused of sth wegen einer S. gen unter Anklage stehen
    to \stand accused of murder des Mordes angeklagt sein
    to \stand corrected ( form) sich akk geschlagen geben fam
    I \stand corrected ich muss mich korrigieren [o gebe meinen Fehler zu]
    to \stand to gain [or win] /lose sth wahrscheinlich etw gewinnen/verlieren
    7. (separate from)
    ▪ to \stand between sb/sth zwischen jdm/etw stehen
    the handouts he got from his parents were all that stood between Dan and destitution es waren allein die Zuwendungen, die Dan von seinen Eltern erhielt, was ihn vor völliger Mittellosigkeit bewahrte
    8. (remain valid) gelten, Bestand haben
    does that still \stand? ist das noch gültig?, gilt das noch?
    his work still \stands as one of the greatest advances in medical theory seine Arbeit gilt immer noch als eine der größten Leistungen in der Medizin
    Newtonian mechanics stood for over two hundred years die Newton'sche Mechanik galt zweihundert Jahre lang unangefochten
    9. BRIT, AUS (be a candidate for office) sich akk zur Wahl stellen, kandidieren
    ▪ to \stand for sth für etw akk kandidieren
    to \stand for election sich akk zur Wahl stellen
    10.
    ▶ to \stand on one's own two feet auf eigenen Füßen stehen
    ▶ to be able to do sth \standing on one's head ( fam) etw mit links machen können fam
    ▶ to not leave one stone \standing on another keinen Stein auf dem anderen lassen
    ▶ it \stands to reason [that]... es ist logisch [o leuchtet ein], dass...
    <stood, stood>
    ▪ to \stand sth somewhere etw irgendwohin hinstellen
    she stood the yardstick upright against the wall sie stellte den Messstab gegen die Wand
    to \stand sth on its head etw auf den Kopf stellen
    2. (refuse to be moved)
    to \stand one's ground wie angewurzelt stehen bleiben; (refuse to yield) standhaft bleiben
    3. (bear)
    ▪ to \stand sth etw ertragen [o fam aushalten]
    ▪ to not [be able to] \stand sth etw nicht ertragen können
    our tent won't \stand another storm unser Zelt wird keinen weiteren Sturm überstehen
    she can't \stand anyone touching her sie kann es nicht leiden, wenn man sie anfasst
    to not be able to \stand the sight of sth den Anblick von etw dat nicht ertragen können
    to \stand the test of time die Zeit überdauern
    ▪ to \stand sb sth jdm etw ausgeben [o spendieren]
    Catherine stood us all a drink Catherine lud uns alle zu einem Drink ein
    to \stand bail for sb für jdn Kaution stellen [o Sicherheit leisten
    5. ( fam)
    to \stand a chance of doing sth gute Aussichten haben, etw zu tun
    6. LAW
    to \stand trial [for sth] sich akk vor Gericht [für etw akk] verantworten müssen
    7.
    ▶ to \stand sb in good stead jdm von Nutzen [o Vorteil] sein
    * * *
    [stnd] vb: pret, ptp stood
    1. n
    1) (= position) Platz m, Standort m; (fig) Standpunkt m, Einstellung f (on zu)

    my stand is that... — ich stehe auf dem Standpunkt, dass..., ich vertrete die Einstellung, dass...

    to take a stand (on a matter) — (zu einer Angelegenheit) eine Einstellung vertreten

    2) (MIL: resistance) Widerstand m; (= battle) Gefecht nt

    to make a stand (lit, fig) — sich widersetzen, Widerstand leisten

    that was their last stand — das war ihr letztes Gefecht

    3) (= taxi stand) Stand m
    4) (Brit THEAT) Gastspiel nt; (of pop group etc) Konzert nt
    5) (= furniture, lamp stand, music stand) Ständer m
    6) (= market stall etc) Stand m
    7) (= band stand) Podium nt
    8) (Brit SPORT) Tribüne f; (US JUR) Zeugenstand m

    (we sat) in the stand — (wir saßen) auf der Tribüne

    9) (esp US FOREST) (Baum)bestand m
    2. vt
    1) (= place) stellen → stead, head
    See:
    → stead, head
    2) (= withstand) pressure, close examination etc (= object) standhalten (+dat); (person) gewachsen sein (+dat); test bestehen; climate vertragen; heat, noise ertragen, aushalten; loss, cost verkraften
    3) (inf: put up with) person, noise, interruptions etc aushalten

    I can't stand being kept waiting —

    = treat) to stand sb a drink/a meal — jdm einen Drink/ein Essen spendieren

    5)
    3. vi
    1) (= be upright) stehen; (= get up) aufstehen

    don't just stand there(, do something)! — stehen Sie nicht nur( dumm) rum, tun Sie was! (inf)

    we stood talking —

    stand and deliver! (old, hum) — anhalten, her mit dem Zeug! (inf)

    See:
    2) (= measure person) groß sein; (tree etc) hoch sein
    3) (= be situated) stehen

    it has stood there for 600 years — es steht da schon seit 600 Jahren

    4) (= remain unchanged) stehen; (fig) bestehen (bleiben)
    5)
    See:
    → also stand for
    6) (= continue to be valid offer, argument, promise) gelten; (objection, contract) gültig bleiben; (decision, record, account) stehen
    7) (= be at a certain level thermometer, record) stehen (at auf +dat); (sales) liegen (at bei)
    8) (fig

    = be in a position) we stand to lose/gain a lot — wir können sehr viel verlieren/gewinnen

    9) (fig

    = be placed) how do we stand? — wie stehen wir?

    I'd like to know where I stand (with him) — ich möchte wissen, woran ich (bei ihm) bin

    as it stands — so wie die Sache aussieht

    10) (fig

    = be, continue to be) to stand firm or fast — festbleiben

    to stand ready —

    to stand (as) security for sb — für jdn bürgen

    11)

    to leave sb/sth standing ( Brit inf ) — jdn/etw in den Schatten stellen

    * * *
    stand [stænd]
    A s
    1. a) Stehen n
    b) Stillstand m, Halt m
    2. a) (Stand)Platz m, Standort m
    b) fig Standpunkt m:
    take a stand Stellung beziehen (on zu);
    take a common stand einen gemeinsamen Standpunkt einnehmen
    3. fig Eintreten n:
    make a stand against sich entgegenstellen oder -stemmen (dat), Front machen gegen;
    make a stand for sich einsetzen für
    4. a) (Zuschauer)Tribüne f
    b) Podium n
    5. JUR US Zeugenstand m:
    on the stand im Zeugenstand;
    a) den Zeugenstand betreten,
    b) als Zeuge aussagen
    6. WIRTSCH (Verkaufs-, Messe) Stand m
    7. Stand(platz) m (für Taxis)
    8. (Kleider-, Noten- etc) Ständer m
    9. Gestell n, Regal n
    10. a) Stativ n
    b) Stütze f
    11. (Baum)Bestand m
    12. AGR Stand m (des Getreides etc), (zu erwartende) Ernte:
    stand of wheat stehender Weizen
    13. THEAT Gastspiel(ort) n(m): → one-night stand
    14. auch stand of arms MIL (vollständige) Ausrüstung (eines Soldaten)
    B v/i prät und pperf stood [stʊd]
    1. a) allg stehen:
    as there were no seats left, we had to stand;
    …, (as) sure ( oder true) as I’m standing here …, so wahr ich hier stehe!;
    don’t just stand there, help me! steh nicht herum, hilf mir!;
    stand alone allein (da)stehen ( with mit einer Ansicht etc); unerreicht dastehen oder da sein;
    stand fast ( oder firm) festbleiben, hart bleiben ( beide:
    on in dat)( → B 4);
    stand or fall by stehen und fallen mit;
    stand gasping keuchend dastehen;
    stand on one’s head
    a) einen Kopfstand machen, kopfstehen,
    b) fig (vor Freude etc) kopfstehen;
    I could do this standing on my head umg das könnte ich mit links oder stehend freihändig machen;
    stand on one’s hands einen Handstand machen;
    stand to lose (to win) (mit Sicherheit) verlieren (gewinnen);
    how are things standing? wie stehen die Dinge?;
    how do we stand in comparision to …? wie stehen wir im Vergleich zu …?;
    as matters ( oder things) stand nach Lage der Dinge, so wie die Dinge stehen;
    I want to know where ( oder how) I stand ich will wissen, woran ich bin;
    you always know where ( oder how) you stand with him man weiß immer, wie man mit ihm dran ist;
    the wind stands in the west der Wind weht von Westen;
    stand well with sb mit jemandem gut stehen, sich mit jemandem gut stellen;
    leave sb (sth) standing Br umg jemanden (etwas) in den Schatten stellen; → attention 4, foot A 1, leg Bes Redew
    c) aufstehen
    2. stehen, liegen, sich befinden, sein (Sache): → empty A 2, idle A 5
    3. sein:
    4. a) auch stand still stillstehen:
    stand! halt!;
    stand fast! MIL Br stillgestanden!, US Abteilung halt! ( → B 1);
    stand still for US → C 7
    b) stand and deliver! HIST (Kutschenüberfall) halt, alles Geld her!
    5. bleiben:
    and so it stands und dabei bleibt es
    6. sich stellen, treten:
    stand clear zurücktreten (of von);
    stand clear of auch den Eingang etc frei machen;
    stand on the defensive sich verteidigen;
    stand on the offensive zum Angriff antreten; → stand back 1
    7. stand six feet sechs Fuß groß sein (Person), sechs Fuß hoch sein (Mauer etc)
    8. sich behaupten, bestehen ( beide:
    against gegen):
    stand through sth etwas überstehen oder -dauern
    9. fig festbleiben
    10. (weiterhin) gelten:
    my offer stands mein Angebot gilt nach wie vor oder bleibt bestehen;
    let sth stand etwas gelten oder bestehen bleiben lassen
    11. SCHIFF (auf einem Kurs) liegen oder sein, steuern, halten
    12. JAGD vorstehen ([ up]on dat) (Hund)
    C v/t
    1. stellen (on auf akk):
    stand a plane on its nose FLUG einen Kopfstand machen;
    stand sth on its head fig etwas auf den Kopf stellen
    2. standhalten (dat), aushalten:
    he can’t stand the climate er kann das Klima nicht (v)ertragen;
    I couldn’t stand the pain ich konnte den Schmerz nicht aushalten oder ertragen;
    she couldn’t stand the pressure sie war dem Druck nicht gewachsen;
    I can’t stand him ich kann ihn nicht ausstehen oder leiden;
    I can’t stand being told ( oder people telling me) what to do ich kann es nicht ausstehen oder leiden, wenn man mir Vorschriften macht; → heat A 1 a, racket2 A 4, sight A 2
    3. sich etwas gefallen lassen, dulden, ertragen:
    I won’t stand that any longer das lasse ich mir nicht länger bieten
    4. sich einer Sache unterziehen: → trial A 2
    5. bestehen: → test1 A 2
    6. a) Pate stehen
    b) Bürgschaft etc leisten: → security 5, sponsor A 2, surety 1
    c) Wache stehen: → guard C 3
    7. umg
    a) aufkommen für
    b) (jemandem) ein Essen etc spendieren:
    stand a drink einen ausgeben oder spendieren;
    stand a round eine Runde schmeißen; → treat C 3
    8. eine Chance haben
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb,

    stand in a line or row — sich in einer Reihe aufstellen; (be standing) in einer Reihe stehen

    he stands six feet tall/the tree stands 30 feet high — er ist sechs Fuß groß/der Baum ist 30 Fuß hoch

    3) (be at level) [Aktien, Währung, Thermometer:] stehen (at auf + Dat.); [Fonds:] sich belaufen (at auf + Akk.); [Absatz, Export usw.:] liegen (at bei)
    4) (hold good) bestehen bleiben

    my offer/promise still stands — mein Angebot/Versprechen gilt nach wie vor

    5) (find oneself, be)

    as it stands, as things stand — wie die Dinge [jetzt] liegen

    the law as it stands — das bestehende od. gültige Recht

    I'd like to know where I stand — (fig.) ich möchte wissen, wo ich dran bin

    stand in need of something — einer Sache (Gen.) dringend bedürfen

    6) (be candidate) kandidieren ( for für)

    stand as a Liberal/Conservative — für die Liberalen/Konservativen kandidieren

    stand for Parliament — (Brit.) für einen Parlamentssitz kandidieren

    7)
    8) (place oneself) sich stellen

    stand in the way of something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg stehen

    [not] stand in somebody's way — (fig.) jemandem [keine] Steine in den Weg legen

    stand to win or gain/lose something — etwas gewinnen/verlieren können

    2. transitive verb,

    stand something on end/upside down — etwas hochkant/auf den Kopf stellen

    2) (endure) ertragen; vertragen [Klima]

    I can't stand the heat/noise — ich halte die Hitze/den Lärm nicht aus

    I cannot stand [the sight of] him/her — ich kann ihn/sie nicht ausstehen

    he can't stand the pressure/strain/stress — er ist dem Druck/den Strapazen/dem Stress nicht gewachsen

    I can't stand it any longer! — ich halte es nicht mehr aus!; see also time 1. 1)

    3) (undergo) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.)

    stand trial [for something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht stehen

    3. noun
    1) (support) Ständer, der
    2) (stall; at exhibition) Stand, der
    3) (raised structure, grandstand) Tribüne, die
    4) (resistance) Widerstand, der

    take or make a stand — (fig.) klar Stellung beziehen (for/against/on für/gegen/zu)

    5) (standing place for taxi, bus, etc.) Stand, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (microphone) n.
    Stativ -e n. n.
    Gestell -e n.
    Stand ¨-e m.
    Ständer - m. (one's) trial expr.
    sich vor Gericht verantworten ausdr. (up) for expr.
    eintreten für ausdr. (to tolerate) v.
    ertragen prät. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: stood)
    = andauern v.
    stehen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: stand, gestanden)

    English-german dictionary > stand

  • 18 auditor

    сущ.
    1)
    а) ауд. аудитор, контролер отчетности (специалист, который анализирует финансовую отчетность и бухгалтерские записи на предмет соответствия принятым правилам ведения учета и реального отражения хозяйственных операций)
    See:
    authorized auditor, Certified Financial Services Auditor, city auditor, company auditor, county auditor, data processing auditor, district auditor, external auditor, field auditor, independent auditor, individual auditor, information auditor, information systems auditor, internal auditor, joint auditor, marketing auditor, personnel quality assurance auditor, predecessor auditor, premium auditor, registered auditor, staff auditor, successor auditor, systems auditor, tax auditor, travelling auditor, auditor's certificate, auditors' certificate, auditor's conclusion, auditors' findings, auditor's opinion, auditors' remuneration, auditor's report, auditors' report, board of auditors, independence of auditors, report of the auditor, report of the auditors, audit 1) The Internal Auditor, Court of Auditors, European Court of Auditors, Institute of Internal Auditors, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers
    б) ауд. аудитор, аудиторская компания (независимая компания, удостоверяющая правильность отчетности фирмы)
    Syn:
    See:
    в) гос. фин., ауд. аудитор, (бухгалтер)-ревизор* (официальное лицо, которому поручена проверка правильности расходования государственных средств)
    Syn:
    See:
    2) обр. вольнослушатель* (учащийся, посещающий определенный учебный курс, но не сдающий экзаменов или зачетов по курсу и не получающий учебных баллов)
    See:
    credit 1. 8)
    3) общ. слушатель (напр., лицо, присутствующее в зале и слушающее чью-л. речь)

    So low was Deems's voice that his auditors had to give it close attention. — Голос Димса был таким тихим, что его слушателям приходилось напрягать слух.


    * * *
    аудитор, бухгалтер-ревизор: 1) независимая компания или лицосоответствующей квалификации, удостоверяющие правильность отчетностиревизуемой фирмы для акционеров последней; 2) официальное лицо, которому поручена проверка правильности расходования государственных средств; см. external auditor;
    * * *
    ревизор; аудитор
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .
    * * *
    лицо, которое проводит аудит

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > auditor

  • 19 home

    home [həʊm]
    maison ⇒ 1 (a) chez-soi ⇒ 1 (a) foyer ⇒ 1 (b) patrie ⇒ 1 (c) habitat ⇒ 1 (d) arrivée ⇒ 1 (f) début ⇒ 1 (g) chez soi ⇒ 2 (a) au pays natal ⇒ 2 (b) à fond ⇒ 2 (c) familial ⇒ 3 (a) à/pour la maison ⇒ 3 (b) national ⇒ 3 (c), 3 (d)
    1 noun
    (a) (one's house) maison f; (more subjectively) chez-soi m inv;
    ∎ I've come straight from home je viens (directement) de chez moi;
    ∎ a home from home un second chez-soi;
    ∎ I left home at sixteen j'ai quitté la maison à seize ans;
    ∎ her home is not far from mine sa maison n'est pas loin de chez moi;
    ∎ he insulted me in my own home! il m'a insulté sous mon propre toit!;
    ∎ to have a home of one's own avoir un foyer ou un chez-soi;
    ∎ how long has he been missing from home? depuis combien de temps a-t-il disparu de la maison?;
    ∎ to be away from home être parti ou absent ou en voyage;
    ∎ he was found far away from home on l'a trouvé loin de chez lui;
    ∎ his home is in Nice il habite Nice;
    ∎ Glasgow is her second home Glasgow est sa deuxième patrie;
    ∎ New York will always be home for me! c'est toujours à New York que je me sentirai chez moi!;
    ∎ when did she make her home in Hollywood? quand s'est-elle installée à Hollywood?;
    ∎ emigrants came to make their homes in Canada des émigrés sont venus s'installer au Canada;
    ∎ to give sb a home recueillir qn chez soi;
    ∎ they sell lovely things for the home ils vendent toutes sortes de très jolis accessoires pour la maison;
    ∎ they have a lovely home! c'est très agréable chez eux!;
    ∎ at home chez soi, à la maison;
    ∎ to stay at home rester à la maison;
    ∎ come and see me at home passez me voir à la maison;
    ∎ formal Mrs Carr is not at home on Mondays Mme Carr ne reçoit pas le lundi;
    ∎ there was nobody at home il n'y avait personne à la maison;
    ∎ make yourself at home faites comme chez vous;
    ∎ he made himself at home in the chair il s'est mis à l'aise dans le fauteuil;
    ∎ I don't feel at home here je me sens dépaysé ici, je ne me sens pas chez moi ici;
    ∎ she feels at home everywhere! elle est à l'aise partout!;
    ∎ to be or to feel at home with sth se sentir à l'aise avec qch;
    ∎ he doesn't yet feel at home with the machine il n'est pas encore à l'aise avec la machine;
    ∎ I work out of or at home je travaille à domicile ou chez moi;
    ∎ familiar what's that when it's at home? qu'est-ce que c'est que ça?;
    ∎ ironic don't you have a home to go to? tu as l'intention de passer la nuit ici?;
    ∎ proverb there's no place like home = on n'est vraiment bien que chez soi;
    ∎ proverb home is where the heart is = où le cœur aime, là est le foyer;
    ∎ home sweet home foyer, doux foyer
    (b) (family unit) foyer m; Administration habitation f, logement m;
    ∎ the father left home le père a abandonné le foyer;
    ∎ to start or to set up a home fonder un foyer;
    ∎ how are things at home? comment ça va chez toi?;
    ∎ are you having problems at home? est-ce que tu as des problèmes chez toi?;
    ∎ a happy home une famille heureuse;
    ∎ he comes from a good home il vient d'une famille comme il faut;
    (c) (native land) patrie f, pays m natal;
    ∎ it's the same at home c'est la même chose chez nous ou dans notre pays;
    ∎ at home and abroad dans notre pays et à l'étranger;
    ∎ figurative this discussion is getting a bit close to home! on aborde un sujet dangereux!;
    ∎ let's look at a situation closer to or nearer home examinons une situation qui nous concerne plus directement;
    ∎ Kentucky, the home of bourbon Kentucky, le pays du bourbon;
    ∎ the home of jazz le berceau du jazz
    (d) Botany & Zoology habitat m
    (e) (mental hospital) maison f de repos; (old people's home) maison f de retraite; (children's home) foyer m pour enfants
    (f) Sport (finishing line) arrivée f; (on board game) case f départ; (goal) but m;
    ∎ they play better at home ils jouent mieux sur leur terrain;
    ∎ Arsenal are playing at home on Saturday Arsenal joue à domicile samedi;
    ∎ to be at home to recevoir;
    ∎ the Rams meet the Braves at home les Rams jouent à domicile contre les Braves
    (a) (to or at one's house) chez soi, à la maison;
    ∎ to go home rentrer (chez soi ou à la maison);
    ∎ what time did you get home? à quelle heure est-ce que tu es rentré?;
    ∎ I'd better be getting home je crois qu'il est temps que je rentre chez moi;
    ∎ it's on my way home c'est sur mon chemin;
    ∎ she'll be home tonight elle sera à la maison ce soir;
    ∎ American to be home alone être tout seul à la maison;
    ∎ to see sb home raccompagner qn jusque chez lui/elle;
    ∎ to take sb home ramener qn chez lui/elle;
    ∎ Fido, home! Fido, rentre ou à la maison!;
    ∎ familiar it's nothing to write home about ça ne casse rien;
    ∎ familiar British home and dry, American home free sauvé
    (b) (from abroad) au pays natal, au pays;
    ∎ when did you get or come home? quand es-tu rentré?;
    ∎ to send sb home rapatrier qn;
    ∎ the grandparents want to go or to return home les grands-parents veulent rentrer dans leur pays
    (c) (all the way) à fond;
    ∎ to drive a nail home enfoncer un clou jusqu'au bout;
    ∎ the remark really went home le commentaire a fait mouche;
    ∎ to push home one's advantage profiter au maximum d'un avantage;
    ∎ it will come home to him some day il s'en rendra compte un jour;
    ∎ to bring sth home to sb faire comprendre ou voir qch à qn
    (a) (concerning family, household → life) de famille, familial; (→ for family consumption) familial, à usage familial
    (b) (to, for, at one's house) à ou pour la maison
    (c) (national → gen) national, du pays; (→ market, policy, sales) intérieur;
    ∎ to be on home ground (near home) être en pays de connaissance; figurative (familiar subject) être en terrain connu
    (d) Sport (team → national) national; (→ local) local;
    our home ground notre terrain;
    ∎ when they play at their home ground quand ils jouent sur leur terrain, quand ils reçoivent
    (person, animal) revenir ou rentrer chez soi; (pigeon) revenir au colombier
    ►► home address (on form) domicile m (permanent); (not business address) adresse f personnelle;
    Computing home automation domotique f;
    home baking Cookery (action) pâtisserie f; (cakes, biscuits) gâteaux mpl;
    Banking home banking banque f à domicile;
    Obstetrics home birth accouchement m à la maison;
    home brew (beer) bière f faite maison;
    home brewing (of beer) fabrication f de bière chez soi; American (illegal distilling) = distillation clandestine d'alcool chez soi;
    home cleaning products produits mpl ménagers;
    British home comforts confort m du foyer;
    Computing home computer ordinateur m familial;
    Computing home computing informatique f à domicile;
    home cooking cuisine f familiale;
    the Home Counties = l'ensemble des comtés limitrophes de Londres, à la population aisée et conservatrice;
    home country pays m natal;
    ∎ the home country le pays;
    home decorating décoration f intérieure;
    home delivery livraison f à domicile;
    home ec (UNCOUNT) économie f domestique;
    home economist spécialiste mf d'économie domestique;
    American Finance home equity loan prêt m sur valeur nette de la propriété;
    American Cookery home fries pommes de terre fpl sautées non pelées;
    home front (during war) arrière m;
    ∎ on the home front à l'arrière;
    ∎ what's the news on the home front? (in the home country) quelles sont les nouvelles du pays?;
    ∎ how are things on the home front? (at home) comment ça va à la maison?;
    home game match m à domicile;
    British History the Home Guard = section de volontaires de l'armée britannique restée sur le territoire pour le défendre en cas d'invasion;
    British home help aide f ménagère;
    home improvements travaux mpl de rénovation;
    Finance home improvement loan prêt m pour travaux de rénovation;
    home journey voyage m de retour;
    Computing home key touche f début;
    British Military home leave congé m au foyer;
    home life vie f de famille;
    Finance home loan prêt m immobilier, prêt m d'épargne-logement;
    home movie film m d'amateur;
    home news nouvelles fpl nationales;
    Politics the Home Office = le ministère britannique de l'Intérieur;
    American Commerce home office (of company) siège m social;
    home owner propriétaire mf;
    home ownership = fait d'être propriétaire de son logement;
    ∎ home ownership is increasing le nombre des personnes propriétaires de leur logement augmente;
    Computing home page (initial page) page f d'accueil; (start page in browser) page f d'accueil; (personal page) page f personnelle;
    Marketing home party selling vente f domiciliaire;
    home plate Sport (in baseball) bâton m, = plaque qui marque le début et la fin du parcours que doit effectuer le batteur pour marquer un point;
    Nautical home port port m d'attache;
    Economics home products produits mpl nationaux ou domestiques;
    home remedy remède m de bonne femme;
    Home Rule History (in Ireland) = gouvernement autonome de l'Irlande;
    home rule (devolution) décentralisation f;
    home run Sport (in baseball) coup m de circuit (coup de batte qui permet au batteur de marquer un point en faisant un tour complet en une seule fois); figurative (last leg of trip) dernière étape f du circuit;
    ∎ the ship/the delivery truck is on its home run le navire/le camion rentre à son port d'attache/au dépôt;
    School home schooling scolarisation f à domicile;
    Politics Home Secretary = ministre de l'Intérieur en Grande-Bretagne;
    Commerce home shopping téléachat m;
    American Home Show ≃ salon m des arts ménagers et de la décoration; Sport &
    figurative British home straight, American home stretch dernière ligne f droite;
    ∎ they're on or in the home straight ils sont dans la dernière ligne droite;
    Sport home team l'équipe f qui reçoit;
    home time = heure où l'on rentre à la maison;
    home town (of birth) ville f natale;
    ∎ (of upbringing) his home town la ville où il a grandi;
    home truth vérité f désagréable;
    ∎ to tell sb a few home truths dire ses (quatre) vérités à qn;
    ∎ I learnt some home truths about myself j'ai appris quelques vérités désagréables sur moi-même;
    home video = film vidéo réalisé par un particulier, généralement sur sa vie de famille;
    ∎ to watch sb's home videos regarder les cassettes vidéo filmées par qn;
    home visit (by doctor) visite f à domicile;
    home waters (territorial) eaux fpl territoriales; (near home port) eaux fpl voisines du port d'attache;
    Sport home win victoire f à domicile
    (a) (of missile) se diriger (automatiquement) sur ou vers; (proceed towards → goal) se diriger vers; figurative mettre le cap sur
    (b) (direct attention to → problem, solution) mettre l'accent sur; (→ difficulty, question) viser, cerner;
    ∎ I made one mistake and he homed in on it je n'ai fait qu'une seule faute mais il s'est fait un plaisir de me la faire remarquer
    ⓘ HOME RULE On désigne ainsi le régime d'autonomie revendiqué par l'Irlande entre 1870 et 1914. Après plusieurs tentatives, une loi sur l'autonomie partielle fut votée en 1914. La mise en vigueur de cette loi, déjà compromise par l'opposition des protestants unionistes de l'Ulster, fut reportée lorsque la Première Guerre mondiale éclata en août 1914. À la suite de l'insurrection de Pâques à Dublin en 1916, les partisans du "Home Rule" revendiquèrent l'autonomie totale. La guerre pour l'indépendance (1918-21) aboutit au traité anglo-irlandais de 1921, qui établit la partition de l'île entre l'Irlande du Sud qui devenait quasiment indépendante et l'Irlande du Nord qui devait rester rattachée à la Grande-Bretagne.
    ⓘ Don't try this at home Il s'agit d'un conseil donné aux spectateurs dans les émissions de télévision dans lesquelles figurent des tours dangereux et des cascades. Aujourd'hui, cette formule ("n'essayez pas de faire cela chez vous") est toujours utilisée par les présentateurs de télévision avec une pointe d'ironie et d'une manière plus générale par toute personne qui est sur le point de tenter quelque chose de dangereux.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > home

  • 20 Literature

       The earliest known examples of literary writing in the Portuguese language is a collection of songbooks ( cancioneiros) that date from the 12th century, written by anonymous court troubadours, aristocrats, and clerics with poetic and musical talent. In the 13th and 14th centuries, ballads ( romanceiros) became popular at court. One of these written after the battle of Aljubarrota is considered to be the Portuguese equivalent of the English Arthurian legend. Literary prose in Portuguese began in the 14th century, with the compilation of chronicles ( chrónicos) written by Fernão Lopes de Castenhada who was commissioned by King Duarte (1430-38) to write a history of the House of Aviz.
       During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese chroniclers turned their attention to the discoveries and the Portuguese overseas empire. The Portuguese discoveries in India and Asia were chronicled by João de Barros, whose writing appeared posthumously under the pen name of Diogo Do Couto; Fernão Lopes de Castenhade wrote a 10-volume chronicle of the Portuguese in India. The most famous chronicle from this period was the Peregrinação (Pilgrimage), a largely true adventure story and history of Portugal that was as popular among 17th-century readers in Iberia as was Miguel de Cer-vantes's Don Quixote. Portugal's most celebrated work of national literature, The Lusiads ( Os Lusíadas), written by Luís de Camões chronicled Vasco da Gama's voyage to India (1497-99) within the context of the history of Portugal.
       During the period when Portugal was under Spanish domination (1580-1640), the preferred language of literary expression was Castilian Spanish. The greatest writer of this period was Francisco Manuel de Melo, who wrote in Castilian and Portuguese. His most famous work is an eyewitness account of the 1640 Catalan revolt against Castile, Historia de los Movimientos y Separación de Cata-luna (1645), which allowed the Portuguese monarchy to regain its independence that same year.
       Little of note was written during the 17th century with the exception of Letters of a Portuguese Nun, an enormously popular work in the French language thought to have been written by Sister Mariana Alcoforado to a French officer Noel Bouton, Marquise de Chamilly.
       Modern Portuguese writing began in the early 19th century with the appearance of the prose-fiction of João Baptista de Almeida Garrett and the historian-novelist Alexandre Herculano. The last half of the 19th century was dominated by the Generation of 1870, which believed that Portugal was, due to the monarchy and the Catholic Church, a European backwater. Writers such as José Maria Eça de Queirós dissected the social decadence of their day and called for reform and national renewal. The most famous Portuguese poet of the 20th century is, without doubt, Fernando Pessoa, who wrote poetry and essays in English and Portuguese under various names. António Ferro (1895-1956) published best-selling accounts of the right-wing dictatorships in Italy and Spain that endeared him to Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, who made him the Estado Novo's secretary of national propaganda.
       The various responses of the Portuguese people to the colonial African wars (1961-75) were chronicled by António Lobo Antunes. In 1998, the noted Portuguese novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer, José Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer in the Portuguese language of whatever nationality to be so honored. His most famous novels translated into English include: Baltazar and Blimunda (1987), The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (1991), and The History of the Siege of Lisbon (1996).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Literature

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  • National Lampoon (magazine) — The January 1973 cover of National Lampoon. National Lampoon was a ground breaking American humor magazine started in 1970, as a spinoff of the Harvard Lampoon. The magazine reached its height of popularity and critical acclaim during the mid to… …   Wikipedia

  • National Action Network — Al Sharpton at National Action Network s headquarters. The National Action Network is a not for profit, civil rights organization founded by the Reverend Al Sharpton in New York City, New York, in early 1991. In the spirit of the civil rights… …   Wikipedia

  • National Black Farmers Association — The National Black Farmers Association (NBFA) is a non profit organization representing African American farmers and their families in the United States. As an association, it serves tens of thousands of members nationwide. NBFA s education and… …   Wikipedia

  • National Conservation Exposition — Seal of the National Conservation Exposition The National Conservation Exposition was an exposition held in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, between September 1, 1913 and November 1, 1913.[1] The exposition …   Wikipedia

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